Best Fragrant Fall Flowers: Science-Backed Aromatic Guide

So here’s the thing about fall gardens – most people think once summer ends, you’re basically done with flowers. Maybe you’ve got some mums if you’re lucky, but fragrance? That’s for spring and summer, right?

Wrong. Like really wrong.

I spent years thinking my garden was over after Labor Day, but then I started actually paying attention to what was blooming in September and October. Turns out there’s this whole world of fragrant fall flowers I’d been ignoring, and some of them smell better than anything blooming in summer.

But here’s where it gets interesting. I started reading actual research on flower fragrance – like the chemistry of why flowers smell the way they do – and realized most of the “advice” online is either oversimplified or just repeated because someone saw it on Pinterest.

Did you know that the vanilla scent in some fall flowers comes from the exact same chemical compound found in actual vanilla beans? Or that dianthus smells like cloves because it literally contains eugenol, the main compound in clove buds? This stuff is wild once you start digging into it.

I’m gonna walk you through the best fragrant fall flowers based on actual science and real experience, not just “oh this smells nice.” We’re talking about which ones actually bloom in fall (some popular recommendations don’t), what makes them fragrant at the chemical level, and the honest truth about growing them.

What Makes Flowers Smell (And Why Fall Fragrance Is Different)

Before we get into specific plants, you gotta understand the basics of how flower scent works. Because it’s not just “flowers smell pretty” – there’s legit chemistry happening.

Flowers produce volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to attract pollinators. The specific compounds determine what the flower smells like to us. Rose scent involves over 400 different compounds working together.[1] That’s why synthetic rose fragrance never quite smells right – they can’t replicate that complexity.

Here’s something cool though – research shows flower scent emission is rhythmically regulated by the plant’s circadian clock.[2] Most flowers peak their fragrance at specific times when their pollinators are active. Temperature also matters big time. Studies show scent emission at 50°F is way lower than at 60-70°F.[2]

This is why fall fragrance works differently than spring and summer. Cooler temperatures mean less volatile oils being released, but the flowers that do bloom in fall have adapted to this. They often produce higher concentrations of fragrance compounds to compensate, or they bloom during the warmest part of the day when temperatures peak.

Also, fall-blooming flowers tend to have simpler, warmer scent profiles – vanilla, spice, honey – compared to the fresh, green, citrusy scents common in spring. It’s like the difference between a light perfume and something richer and more complex.

The Fall Bloomers Everyone Recommends (With the Real Science)

Roses (Repeat Bloomers Only)

Okay so roses are kinda obvious but here’s what most articles don’t tell you – not all roses bloom in fall. You need specific types.

Hybrid teas, floribundas, and David Austin roses that rebloom will keep going until first frost. My ‘Graham Thomas’ rose actually smells stronger in September than it does in June, probably because cooler temps slow the evaporation of scent molecules so they stick around longer.

The science of rose scent is honestly fascinating. The key compounds are rose oxide (only 0.5% of the volatile profile but with an insanely low odor threshold of 0.009 ppb), citronellol, geraniol, and 2-phenylethanol.[1] That last one is also found in chocolate, which explains why some roses have that cocoa note.

Here’s the practical stuff:

• Stop deadheading by late August to allow winter hardening[3]
• Final fertilization mid-August, then stop[4]
• Cut at 45° angle to first 5-leaflet junction when you do deadhead[5]
• Seal cut ends with white glue if you have cane borers
• Water 1-2 inches weekly, more in sandy soil

Fragrant varieties that actually rebloom in fall: ‘Double Delight’ (spicy), ‘Mr. Lincoln’ (classic rose), ‘Fragrant Cloud’ (intense), ‘Graham Thomas’ (tea rose scent)

Growing requirements: Zones 3-11 depending on type | Full sun 6-8 hours | Soil pH 6.0-7.0 | Well-drained, fertile soil

Joe Pye Weed – The Vanilla-Scented Native

This is one of those plants where once you smell it you’re like “oh THAT’s what vanilla flowers smell like.”

The vanilla scent comes from the phenylpropanoid pathway – specifically vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) and related compounds.[6] Same chemical in vanilla beans. The biosynthesis goes: L-phenylalanine → cinnamic acid → ferulic acid → vanillin.

I planted Joe Pye weed three years ago and it’s become my favorite fall bloomer. Gets 5-7 feet tall with these massive dusty pink flower heads that butterflies absolutely mob. The scent is strongest on warm afternoons when monarchs are migrating through.

One thing nobody mentions – do the Chelsea Chop in late May. Cut it back by a third and you get bushier plants that don’t flop over. I learned this after two years of staking mine like an idiot.[7]

Practical growing tips:

• Zones 4-9 | Full sun to part shade
• Medium to moist soil – actually tolerates clay
• Space 2-4 feet apart
• Divide every 3-5 years when center dies out
• Seeds need 10-day cold stratification if starting from seed

The cultivar ‘Little Red’ only gets 3-4 feet tall if you don’t have room for the full-size giants.[8]

Best companions: Ornamental grasses, black-eyed Susans, garden phlox, coneflowers

Dianthus – That Clove Smell Is Actually Eugenol

Everybody says dianthus smells like cloves. What they don’t tell you is it actually contains eugenol at about 15.29% of its volatile compounds – the SAME compound that makes clove buds smell the way they do.[9]

Other compounds include benzyl benzoate (14.12%), β-caryophyllene, and methyl salicylate. Together they create that distinctive spicy-sweet scent.

Here’s the problem though – modern cut-flower carnation cultivars have been bred for longer vase life and less spicy scent. If you want strong clove fragrance, you need old-fashioned varieties or species like Dianthus plumarius.[9]

My ‘Bath’s Pink’ blooms spring through fall in waves. I deadhead after each flush and it rebounds in 2-3 weeks.[10] The scent is strongest in morning before sun evaporates the oils.

Critical growing requirement: Neutral to alkaline soil (pH 7.0+).[11] This is one plant that actually likes sweet soil. If your soil is acidic, scratch some lime into the top inch.

Care tips:

• Zones 3-9 | Full sun 6+ hours
• Well-drained essential – they rot in wet soil
• Space 12-24 inches apart
• Shear back by half after first bloom for rebloom
• Gravel mulch > organic mulch (prevents crown rot)[12]
• Short-lived (5-6 years) so propagate via cuttings every few years

Companions: Roses, lavender, salvia, Russian sage

Garden Phlox – That Unexpected Sweet Scent

Garden phlox has this sweet, honey-like fragrance that’s way stronger than you’d expect from looking at it. Scientists did headspace analysis and found the main compounds are (E)-β-ocimene (40.8%), phenylacetaldehyde (17.3%), 2-phenylethanol (10.2%), and linalool (3.8%).[13]

That linalool is interesting – it also acts as an ant repellent, which is probably why you don’t see ants on phlox flowers.[14]

Here’s my beef with phlox though – powdery mildew. That white dusty coating that makes it look terrible by September. The trick is spacing them 2-3 feet apart for air circulation, NOT overhead watering, and choosing resistant cultivars.[15]

When plants reach 6 inches in spring, thin to 5-6 stems per plant and pinch tips. This sounds counterintuitive but you get bigger flower clusters and way less mildew.[15]

Resistant cultivars: ‘David’ (white), ‘Robert Poore’ (magenta), ‘Jeana’ (lavender), ‘Shortwood’ (pink)

Growing requirements:

• Zones 4-8 | Full sun to part shade (best in full sun)
• Medium moisture – cannot tolerate drought
• Space 2-3 feet apart (don’t crowd them)
• Divide every 2-4 years
• Height 2-4 feet

Powdery mildew treatment if you get it: Mix 1 tablespoon baking soda + 1 teaspoon horticultural oil + 1 gallon water, spray weekly[16]

Sweet Autumn Clematis – Vanilla-Honey But Also Invasive

This vine is complicated. On one hand, the fragrance is incredible – vanilla and honey notes from vanillin, benzyl compounds, and phenylacetaldehyde.[17] On the other hand, Missouri Botanical Garden flags it as potentially invasive due to prolific self-seeding.[18]

It grows 15-30 feet in a season and covers itself in small white flowers September-October. The scent is strongest in early morning and late evening when it’s attracting moths.

Important: This is a Group 3 clematis, meaning hard prune to 12 inches above ground in late winter. Prune BEFORE seeds set if you want to prevent spreading.[18]

Native alternative: Clematis virginiana has similar appearance, slightly less fragrance, but isn’t invasive.

Growing requirements:

• Zones 5-9 (some sources say 4-9)
• Full sun to part shade – uniquely tolerates considerable shade for a clematis[18]
• Medium moisture, keep evenly moist
• Needs 15-30 feet of room
• “Cool feet, warm head” – shade the roots, sun on foliage

Care tip: If growing this, prune after flowering but BEFORE seeds form (those fluffy seedheads). Otherwise you’ll have seedlings everywhere.

Agastache – Anise, Mint, or Something In Between

Agastache species have been studied extensively for essential oil production, and the fragrance chemistry varies by species:

• Anise type (A. foeniculum): Methyl chavicol 82-95% – strong licorice scent[19]
• Mint type: Menthone + isomenthone 11-60%
• Spicy type: Methyleugenol >85%

Also contains limonene (3-18%), β-caryophyllene (1-12%), and linalool.[19]

I grow ‘Blue Fortune’ which has that classic anise-mint scent. Blooms July through first frost, and hummingbirds drain it daily. The scent is strongest when you brush against it.

Critical requirement: Well-drained soil. Cannot tolerate wet conditions, especially winter waterlogging. In heavy clay or wet climates, grow in raised beds or use gravel mulch.[20]

Growing tips:

• Zones 4-9 (varies by species)
• Full sun 6+ hours
• Dry to medium water once established
• Space 12-36 inches depending on variety
• Pinch at 6-12 inches for bushier growth[21]
• Deadhead spent spikes but leave some for birds
• Short-lived in cold wet climates – grow as annual zones 4 and colder

Companions: Roses (pest deterrent), echinacea, ornamental grasses, Russian sage

Abelia – The Underrated Shrub

Abelia has this subtle jasmine-like fragrance from compounds like benzyl acetate (~34%), benzyl benzoate (~24%), and linalool (~8%).[22] Not overwhelming but really nice near seating areas or paths.

Blooms June through first frost with these little tubular flowers. Semi-evergreen to evergreen depending on zone. The bronze-red fall foliage is a bonus.

Growing requirements:

• Zones 5-9 (may suffer winter damage zones 5-6)
• Full sun to part shade (best flowering in full sun)
• Medium moisture, drought tolerant once established
• Space 3-6 feet apart
• Height 3-6 feet (north) to 6-8 feet (south)

Care: Prune late winter/early spring before new growth. Blooms on new wood so spring pruning is fine.[23]

Companions: Spirea, maiden grass, garden phlox, weigela

The Fall Bloomers Nobody Talks About (But Should)

Witch Hazel – The ONLY Fall-Blooming Species

Okay this is important – when people talk about witch hazel they usually mean the ones that bloom late winter/early spring. But Hamamelis virginiana (American witch hazel) is the ONLY species that blooms in fall.[24]

October through November you get these spidery yellow flowers with this spicy, clean fragrance. Penn State Extension describes it as “spice-scented.”[25] Chicago Botanic Garden says “clean, earthy, and spicy.”[26]

This is a large shrub or small tree (15-20 feet) native from Nova Scotia to Florida. The fall foliage turns yellow, and flowers appear just as leaves are dropping. It’s weird seeing flowers and fall color at the same time but in a good way.

Growing requirements:

• Zones 3-8 (most cold-hardy witch hazel)
• Full sun to part shade (native to woodland understory)
• Height 15-20 feet, spread 15-20 feet
• Blooms mid-October through early December

Pollinator value: Attracts moths (especially nocturnal species), flies, small wasps, and late-season bees. Also a caterpillar host plant.[27]

Tea Olive – The “Stop You in Your Tracks” Shrub

If you’re in zones 7-10, you need to know about tea olive (Osmanthus fragrans). The fragrance is so intense you can smell it from several hundred feet away. Fine Gardening calls it “intoxicating” and says it can “stop you in your tracks.”[28]

The scent is described as apricot-like or peach-like, intensely sweet. Way stronger than any of the perennials I’ve listed.

Blooms September through April – basically every month with an R in it. Heaviest bloom in fall.[29] Evergreen foliage year-round.

Growing requirements:

• Zones 7-10 (orange-flowering form extends into zone 7)
• Full sun to part shade
• Height 10-15 feet (up to 20-25 feet in coastal areas)
• Spread 6-8 feet

Cold-hardy selections: ‘Fodingzhu’ or orange-flowering tea olive (O. fragrans f. aurantiacus)

Care: Prune after flowering if needed. Can be shaped as hedge or left natural.[30]

Seven-Son Flower – The Late-Season Pollinator Magnet

This one (Heptacodium miconioides) is getting popular as people realize we need more late-season nectar sources for pollinators.

White fragrant flowers in August-September, followed by rose-red to cherry-colored calyces that persist into late fall. So you get two seasons of interest. NC State Extension calls it “exceptional” for late-season pollinators.[31]

The fragrance is jasmine-like or honey-like. Not overwhelming but pleasant.

Growing requirements:

• Zones 5-9
• Full sun to part shade
• Height 10-20 feet (cultivar ‘Temple of Bloom’ stays 6-10 feet)
• Spread 8-15 feet

Pollinator value: Provides critical late-season nectar when monarchs are migrating and other sources are scarce.[32]

Care: Drought tolerant once established. Can be trained as single-trunk tree or multi-stemmed shrub.[33]

What About the Ones Everyone Recommends That Aren’t Actually Fragrant?

Let’s be real – some “fragrant fall flowers” lists include stuff that either doesn’t bloom in fall or isn’t actually fragrant.

Mums (Chrysanthemums): Most garden mums have little to no fragrance. There’s an exception – Dalmatian chrysanthemum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium) contains pyrethrins and has a distinct smell, but it’s not pleasant “fragrance.” It’s more medicinal/chemical. This is the one used for natural insecticides.[34]

Asters: Beautiful fall bloomers, important for pollinators, but most have minimal fragrance at best. Some people describe them as slightly aromatic when crushed but it’s not a traditional flower scent.

Sedum ‘Autumn Joy’: Zero fragrance. Great plant, just not for scent.

The Fragrance Chemistry You Should Know

Here’s a quick breakdown of the major scent families in fall flowers and what creates them:

Vanilla/Sweet:

• Main compound: Vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde)
• Found in: Joe Pye weed, sweet autumn clematis
• Biosynthetic pathway: Phenylpropanoid
• Fun fact: Same compound in vanilla beans[6]

Spicy/Clove:

• Main compound: Eugenol
• Found in: Dianthus (15.29% of volatiles)[9]
• Also in: Actual clove buds, bay leaves
• Also contains: β-caryophyllene (woody, spicy)[9]

Rose:

• Key compounds: Rose oxide, citronellol, geraniol, 2-phenylethanol
• Over 400 total compounds working together[1]
• Why synthetics fail: Can’t replicate that complexity

Honey/Sweet:

• Main compounds: Phenylacetaldehyde, benzyl compounds
• Found in: Phlox, sweet autumn clematis
• Often combined with: Vanillin, linalool

Mint/Anise:

• Main compounds: Methyl chavicol (estragole), menthone
• Found in: Agastache species[19]
• Percentage varies: 46-95% depending on chemotype

Jasmine-like:

• Main compounds: Benzyl acetate, benzyl benzoate, linalool
• Found in: Abelia, seven-son flower
• Similar to: Actual jasmine chemistry[22]

Making Your Fall Garden Actually Fragrant (Design Tips)

Having fragrant plants isn’t enough – you gotta place them where you’ll actually smell them.

Near seating areas: Plant abelia, dianthus, or roses within 3-6 feet of benches or patios. You want to smell them while sitting.

Along paths: Agastache and dianthus are perfect here because you brush against them walking by and release the oils.

Under windows: Tea olive (if you’re in the right zone) or witch hazel near windows means the scent drifts inside.

Doorways: Roses or abelia flanking a front door create that “wow” moment when people arrive.

What doesn’t work: Planting fragrant perennials in the back of a border where you never get close. Scent compounds don’t travel as far in cooler fall temps, so proximity matters more than in summer.

Layering Bloom Times

For continuous fall fragrance:

Early fall (September):

• Roses (ongoing)
• Garden phlox
• Agastache
• Seven-son flower
• Abelia

Mid fall (October):

• Roses (until frost)
• Dianthus
• Sweet autumn clematis
• Joe Pye weed (lingering)
• Witch hazel (beginning)

Late fall (November):

• Witch hazel (peak)
• Tea olive (zones 7-10)
• Roses (until hard frost)

Companion Planting for Fragrant Fall Gardens

Combining plants that bloom together and complement each other:

Cottage garden border:

• Back: Joe Pye weed (5-7 ft), tall garden phlox (4 ft)
• Middle: Repeat-blooming roses (3-4 ft), abelia (3-6 ft)
• Front: Dianthus (6-18″), agastache (2-3 ft)
• Climber: Sweet autumn clematis on fence or arbor

Pollinator paradise: Joe Pye weed + agastache + seven-son flower + garden phlox + coneflowers All attract butterflies, bees, and hummingbirds while providing sequential blooming August through first frost.

Fragrance garden for seating area: Roses + dianthus + agastache + abelia arranged in drifts near patio Provides layered scents from rose, clove/spice, anise/mint, and jasmine notes.

Native plant combination: Joe Pye weed + witch hazel + agastache + native grasses Drought-tolerant once established, provides bird food, winter interest from witch hazel branches and grass seed heads.

Growing Conditions Quick Reference

Common Problems and How to Fix Them

Roses not reblooming in fall:

• Deadheading too early (stopped at wrong time)
• Not enough fertilizer through summer
• Pest/disease damage reducing vigor
• Wrong variety (not a repeat bloomer)

Fix: Choose repeat-blooming varieties, fertilize through August, deadhead consistently through September.

Phlox with powdery mildew:

• Too much shade or crowded spacing
• Overhead watering
• Susceptible variety

Fix: Space 2-3 feet apart, water at base, choose resistant cultivars like ‘David’ or ‘Robert Poore’.[15]

Dianthus dying after 2-3 years:

• Crown rot from wet conditions
• Natural short-lived perennial cycle
• Wrong soil pH

Fix: Improve drainage, use gravel mulch, test soil pH (needs 7.0+), propagate from cuttings every 2-3 years.[11]

Agastache flopping over:

• Too much fertilizer (makes stems weak)
• Not enough sun
• Needs pinching when young

Fix: No fertilizer (these like lean soil), full sun, pinch at 6 inches tall.[21]

Sweet autumn clematis taking over:

• Self-seeding like crazy
• Vigorous growth unchecked

Fix: Prune BEFORE seeds form, or switch to non-invasive Clematis virginiana.[18]

When Fall Fragrance Fails (And It’s Not Your Fault)

Sometimes plants just don’t smell as strong as you expected. Here’s why:

Temperature: Cool nights below 50°F reduce volatile oil emission.[2] Nothing you can do about this except enjoy the warmth of sunny afternoons when scent peaks.

Humidity: Very dry air means scent compounds evaporate and dissipate quickly. Calm, slightly humid days hold scent better than windy dry ones.

Variety: Not all cultivars within a species are equally fragrant. Modern hybrids often sacrifice scent for other traits like disease resistance or flower size.

Age of plant: Young plants produce fewer flowers = less scent. Most perennials need 2-3 years to reach full blooming potential.

Your nose: Scent perception is subjective and genetic. Some people can’t smell certain compounds at all due to anosmia (scent blindness) to specific molecules.

What Actually Matters Most

After growing fragrant fall gardens for years, here’s what I’ve learned really makes the difference:

1. Choose plants that actually bloom in fall (not just summer bloomers that might rebloom)
2. Place them where you’ll smell them (near paths, seating, doorways)
3. Layer different scent types (vanilla, spice, mint, rose, honey)
4. Meet their specific requirements (soil pH for dianthus, drainage for agastache, spacing for phlox)
5. Be patient – most perennials need 2-3 years to reach full potential

The science backs up what experienced gardeners figured out through trial and error. Temperature affects scent emission, chemical compounds determine fragrance character, and different species have different blooming triggers.

You don’t need exotic plants from specialty nurseries. Most of these are available at any decent garden center. You just need to know what you’re looking for and how to grow them properly.

Start with 3-4 plants that fit your conditions. Roses and dianthus if you have full sun and good drainage. Joe Pye weed and phlox if you have part shade and moisture. Agastache for hot dry spots. Abelia for low-maintenance shrubs.

The fragrance compounds these plants produce – eugenol, vanillin, linalool, phenylacetaldehyde – they’re the same molecules that make spices, vanilla, and essential oils smell the way they do. That’s not gardening magic, that’s just chemistry. But it sure feels magical on a warm October afternoon when your garden smells incredible.

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Sources

[1] Compound Chem. (2015). The Chemical Compounds Behind the Smell of Flowers. https://www.compoundchem.com/2015/02/12/flowers/

[2] Springer. Influence of climatic factors on emission of flower volatiles in situ. Planta. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00198572

[3] Oregon State Extension. Take steps in fall to protect roses in winter. https://extension.oregonstate.edu/gardening/flowers-shrubs-trees/take-steps-fall-protect-roses-winter

[4] Alabama Extension. Smell the Roses Next Spring by Planting This Fall and Winter. https://www.aces.edu/blog/topics/lawn-garden/smell-the-roses-next-spring-by-planting-this-fall-and-winter/

[5] Gardening Know How. Deadheading Roses: How To Deadhead Roses For More Blooms. https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/flowers/roses/rose-deadheading.htm

[6] Wikipedia. Vanillin. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanillin

[7] High Country Gardens. All About Growing Joe Pye Weed. https://www.highcountrygardens.com/content/gardening/growing-joe-pye-weed-eupatorium-bonesets

[8] Missouri Botanical Garden. Eutrochium purpureum. Plant Finder. https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=c740

[9] Everphi. Carnation Essential Oil Uses and Benefits. https://everphi.com/2019/05/19/carnation-essential-oil/

[10] Wisconsin Extension. Dianthus ‘Bath’s Pink’. https://hort.extension.wisc.edu/articles/dianthus-baths-pink/

[11] NC State Extension. Dianthus. North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox. https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/dianthus/

[12] Monrovia. How to grow and care for perennial dianthus flowers in the garden. https://www.monrovia.com/be-inspired/how-to-grow-perennial-dianthus-in-the-garden.html

[13] Tinkturenpresse. Phlox paniculata L. http://tinkturenpresse.de/doku.php?id=phlox_paniculata_l

[14] Journal of Chemical Ecology. Linalool in phlox as ant repellent.

[15] Iowa State Extension. How can I control powdery mildew on my garden phlox? https://yardandgarden.extension.iastate.edu/faq/how-can-i-control-powdery-mildew-my-garden-phlox

[16] Ask Extension. Phlox powdery mildew? https://ask.extension.org/kb/faq.php?id=877748

[17] Missouri Botanical Garden. Clematis terniflora. Plant Finder. https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=a300

[18] Missouri Botanical Garden. Clematis terniflora. https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=a300

[19] Taylor & Francis. (2024). Agastache essential oil analysis.

[20] American Meadows. Learn How to Grow Agastache. https://www.americanmeadows.com/content/perennials/agastache/how-to-grow-agastache

[21] Plant Addicts. Pruning Agastache. https://plantaddicts.com/pruning-agastache/

[22] Compound Chem. The Chemical Compounds Behind the Smell of Flowers. https://www.compoundchem.com/2015/02/12/flowers/

[23] Missouri Botanical Garden. Abelia × grandiflora. https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=j150

[24] Chicago Botanic Garden. Which witch hazel should be in your yard? https://www.chicagobotanic.org/plant-information/smart-gardener/which-witch-hazel-should-be-your-yard

[25] Penn State Extension. Witch Hazels: A Promise That Spring is on the Way. https://extension.psu.edu/witch-hazels-a-promise-that-spring-is-on-the-way

[26] Chicago Botanic Garden. Which witch hazel should be in your yard? https://www.chicagobotanic.org/plant-information/smart-gardener/which-witch-hazel-should-be-your-yard

[27] USDA Forest Service. American Witchhazel. https://www.fs.usda.gov/wildflowers/plant-of-the-week/hamamelis_virginiana.shtml

[28] Fine Gardening. Tea Olive Shrubs for the Southeast. https://www.finegardening.com/article/tea-olive-shrubs-for-the-southeast

[29] Fine Gardening. Tea Olive Shrubs for the Southeast. https://www.finegardening.com/article/tea-olive-shrubs-for-the-southeast

[30] University of Florida IFAS. Osmanthus fragrans (Sweet Olive). https://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/treesandpowerlines/osmanthus_fragrans.shtml

[31] NC State Extension. Heptacodium miconioides (Seven-son Flower). https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/heptacodium-miconioides/

[32] NC State Extension. Heptacodium miconioides. https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/heptacodium-miconioides/

[33] Chicago Botanic Garden. Seven-son-flower. https://www.chicagobotanic.org/plantinfo/seven_son_flower

[34] Gardener’s Path. How to Grow and Care for Chrysanthemums. https://gardenerspath.com/plants/flowers/grow-chrysanthemums/